Carbon disulfide process

ABSTRACT

The specification discloses a process for the manufacture of carbon disulfide from sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide comprising two catalytic reactions. In the first reaction, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide are converted to carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide. In the second reaction, carbonyl sulfide is disproportionated to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide. The second reaction is conducted in the presence of a solvent, which continuously removes the carbon disulfide product so as to drive the reaction to completion.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a process for manufacturingcarbon disulfide from sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide employing twocatalytic reactions: in the first reaction sulfur dioxide and carbonmonoxide are converted to carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide, and inthe second reaction carbonyl sulfide is disproportionated to carbondisulfide and carbon dioxide.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Carbon disulfide is a major industrial chemical, which has a longhistory of use in the chemical process industries. At one time largequantities of the chemical were used to manufacture viscose rayon,cellophane, and carbon tetrachloride. While these applications havedeclined, new markets, especially its use as a solvent, showconsiderable promise.

[0003] In the early years of its manufacture, carbon disulfide wasproduced from charcoal and sulfur at high temperatures in either anelectric furnace or a retort. The method was both hazardous andenvironmentally unsound, but at the time no alternatives were available.

[0004] Beginning in the 1960's, a petrochemical process was introducedto manufacture carbon disulfide from natural gas (methane) and sulfur. Agreat improvement over the old process, this petrochemical technologysoon gained dominance. Nevertheless, the petrochemical process wassaddled with a major disadvantage: the need to recover sulfur fromsubstantial quantities of byproduct hydrogen sulfide in a Claus unit.

[0005] Newer proposals continue to appear for the manufacture of carbondisulfide. One of the most interesting processes was disclosed in U.S.Pat. No. 4,122,156. This process makes carbon disulfide from boiler fluegas by catalytically reducing sulfur dioxide with carbon monoxide tocarbonyl sulfide and then converting the carbonyl sulfide to carbondisulfide over an alumina catalyst.

[0006] Although this proposal to reduce sulfur dioxide to carbonylsulfide has considerable merit, the conversion of carbonyl sulfide tocarbon disulfide presents certain difficulties. The reaction of carbonylsulfide to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide is reversible and doesnot go to completion under normal conditions. Thus, expensive andinefficient procedures must be employed to get around this limitation.

[0007] An object of the present invention is to reduce or eliminate thedisadvantages of the prior art in a way which meets the most demandingexpectations for safety, environmental responsibility, and efficiency.

[0008] These and other objects, features and advantages of the inventionwill be apparent from the following description and the accompanyingdrawing.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0009] In one preferred embodiment of the invention, two reaction stepsare operated in tandem to provide a largely self-contained process forproducing carbon disulfide from sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

[0010] A first reaction step consists of the reaction of sulfur dioxidewith carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst to form carbonylsulfide and carbon dioxide. This reaction essentially goes tocompletion.

[0011] A second reaction step is used to convert the carbonyl sulfidefrom the first reaction step to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide.This reaction is promoted by a catalyst. In order to drive this reactionto completion, carbon disulfide is continuously removed by a solventthat circulates through the reaction zone in intimate contact with thecatalyst.

[0012] The solvent containing carbon disulfide from the second reactionstep is regenerated by stripping it with a gas, which most convenientlyis carbon monoxide. The carbon disulfide is condensed from the saturatedcarbon monoxide before the latter is introduced to the first reactionstep. In this fashion any traces of unreacted carbonyl sulfide arecontained within the system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0013] The invention will be better understood by reference to theaccompanying drawing.

[0014]FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of the process showing two reactors, ashell-and-tube catalytic reactor, and a reactor-absorber unit. Inaddition, a stripper column is shown along with a condenser, phaseseparator, and recycle loops.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS

[0015] Referring now to FIG. 1, the present invention will be seen tocomprise a process for producing carbon disulfide (CS₂) from sulfurdioxide (SO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). More specifically the processincorporates a first reaction step wherein sulfur dioxide and carbonmonoxide are reacted in the presence of a catalyst to form carbonylsulfide (COS), also known as carbon oxysulfide, and carbon dioxide(CO₂). In a second reaction step, the carbonyl sulfide is converted overa catalyst to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide in adisproportionation reaction. Normally this second reaction would not goto completion because of thermodynamic limitations.

[0016] The above reactions can be represented by the followingequations.

[0017] These two equations can be combined to give the followingequation which represents the overall process of the invention.

6CO+2SO₂→CS₂↓+5CO₂  3.

[0018] As shown, the reaction is driven to completion by removal of thecarbon disulfide.

[0019] The first reaction step illustrated by equation 1 is well knownin the literature as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,122,156. Thisreaction is promoted by a catalyst of the type containing a reduciblemetal oxide. Chromium promoted iron catalyst has been found to beeffective in this application. Other metal promoted catalysts, however,may be used, including nickel-molybdenum, cobalt-molybdenum, molybdenumor any combination thereof.

[0020] The thermodynamics for the first reaction step are extremelyfavorable. Using data for the Gibbs Energies Formation and theEnthalpies of the reactants and products shown in equation 1, thefollowing expression was obtained.

logK _(P)=15,509 (1/T)−10.19  4.

[0021] where K_(P) is the equilibrium constant and T is the absolutetemperature in degrees Kelvin. From this equation log K_(P) wascalculated to equal 22.38 at 200° C. and 13.07 at 400° C. Thus, as anapproximation, the reaction of equation 1 can be carried out in therange of 200° to 500° C.

[0022] Also of interest is the fact that the first reaction is highlyexothermic. A substantial quantity of heat must be removed from thereaction in order to control the temperature. This objective may beachieved by conducting the reaction in a shell-and-tube reactor.Alternative reactor designs, however, may be considered, for example, afluidized bed reactor or a molten salt reactor. The heat that isrecovered from this first reaction step may be advantageously used inother parts of the process notably for recovering carbon disulfideproduct in the stripper column.

[0023] The second reaction step presents a greater challenge because, asalready noted, the reaction is reversible. Under standard conditionsK_(P) for this reaction is equal to 0.22. This value does not changemuch with temperature because the heat of reaction is close to zero. Asa result, when pure carbonyl sulfide is reacted, the exit gas from thereactor at equilibrium contains close to 25% carbon disulfide, 25%carbon dioxide and 50% unreacted carbonyl sulfide.

[0024] The conventional approach to this problem is to recover carbondisulfide from the reactor effluent and recycle the unreacted carbonylsulfide. The drawback to this procedure is that carbon dioxide mustfirst be separated from the unreacted carbonyl sulfide before it can berecycled. In addition, large quantities of gas must be handled,contributing to the inefficiency of the process.

[0025] The present invention provides a unique solution to thereversibility of the second reaction. Simultaneously with carrying outthis reaction, carbon disulfide is continuously removed by absorption ina solvent. In one embodiment of the invention, this result is achievedin a reactor-absorber column as shown in FIG. 1. The column containscatalyst particles which also serve as the tower packing. Thus, thecatalyst not only promotes the reaction but in addition provides thesurface area for contact between the liquid absorbent and the gas phase.

[0026] The exit gases from the first reactor are fed to the bottom ofthe reactor-absorber column. This gas stream contains carbonyl sulfide.As the gas stream passes up through the column, carbonyl sulfide isconverted to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide. The carbon disulfideis continuously absorbed in a solvent, which flows down the column.Thus, as the gases continue to pass up through the column, theconcentration of carbonyl sulfide declines and approaches zero, leavingonly carbon dioxide. The solvent, which exits the bottom of the columnimpregnated with carbon disulfide, is regenerated in a stripper columnand recycled back to the reactor-absorber column.

[0027] The design of the reactor-absorber column is critical to itsoperation. If the catalyst is composed of the typical small spherical orcylindrical particles, the resulting bed will have a low void fractionof around 0.3 to 0.4. On the other hand, structural packing used inabsorption towers achieve void fractions of 0.7 to as high as 0.97. Highvoid fractions are desired to minimize flooding in countercurrent flowoperations. The challenge therefore is to provide a catalyst bed with amaximum void fraction.

[0028] A related concern is the transfer of carbonyl sulfide from thebulk of the gas stream to the catalyst surface. The mechanism willdepend on the wetting of the catalyst pellets by the solvent. If thepellets are not wetted, the carbonyl sulfide will diffuse through a gasfilm to surface of the pellets. Otherwise the reactant carbonyl sulfidemust be absorbed by the solvent before diffusing through a liquid film.

[0029] A number of substances have been proposed as catalysts for thedecomposition of carbonyl sulfide to carbon disulfide and carbondioxide. These materials include activated alumina, silica-alumina,quartz, and kaolin. Even glass has been observed to be an effectivecatalyst. Although these catalysts may be acceptable in conventionalprocesses, a more active catalyst is desired in the present invention inorder to minimize operating temperatures. Candidate substances for thisapplication are titania and alumina-titania composites, which have beenshown to be highly effective in Claus plants for decomposing bothcarbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide.

[0030] The absorbent must meet several requirements. Besides being agood solvent for carbon disulfide, it should have a low vapor pressureand be stable at elevated temperatures. Such heat transfer fluids assynthetic organic fluids and silicone oils are likely materials.Although the present invention contemplates the operation of the secondreaction step at the lowest possible temperature, 50° C. or less, inreality temperatures as high as 250° C. must be considered. Irrespectiveof temperature, the application of pressure, in the range of 1 to 10atmospheres, assists in the absorption of carbon disulfide by thesolvent and helps to avoid flooding of the column packing.

[0031] The present invention has numerous attractions over the priorart. First, raw materials are readily available and relatively cheap.Gaseous materials are easier to handle than solids. Second, comparedwith other processes, operating temperatures are lower, and thermalefficiencies are considerably improved. Third, anhydrous conditionsgreatly simplify the design of a facility. Fourth, steady-stateoperation increases the efficiency over batch or cyclical processes. Andfifth, probably the most unique aspect of the invention is thereactor-absorber column, which vastly simplifies the process.

[0032] These advantages when taken together promise to provide a processwith significant savings in capital and operating costs. The resultshould be renewed interest in carbon disulfide as an industrialchemical.

The invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed isdefined as follows:
 1. A process for the manufacture of carbon disulfidecomprising two reaction steps operated in tandem: a first reaction stepin which sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide are reacted in the presenceof a catalyst to form carbonyl sulfide and carbon dioxide; and a secondreaction step whereby the carbonyl sulfide from the first reaction stepis converted to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide in the presence of asecond catalyst, the carbon disulfide is continuously removed byabsorption in a solvent that circulates through the reaction zone, andcarbon disulfide product is recovered from the solvent by stripping itwith a gas.
 2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the secondcatalyst is titania.
 3. A process according to claim 1 wherein thesecond catalyst is an alumin-titania composite.
 4. A process accordingto claim 1 wherein the solvent in the second reaction step is siliconeoil.
 5. A process according to claim 1 wherein the solvent in the secondreaction step is a synthetic organic fluid.
 6. A process according toclaim 1 wherein the gas used to strip carbon disulfide from the solventis carbon monoxide.
 7. A process according to claim 1 wherein thecarbonyl sulfide is converted to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide ata temperature in the range of 50° to 250° C.
 8. A process according toclaim 1 wherein the reaction zone of the second reaction step ismaintained at an elevated pressure in the range of 1 to 10 atmospheres.9. A process according to claim 1 wherein the reaction zone of thesecond reaction step is a column for countercurrent flow of the gascontaining carbonyl sulfide and solvent for scrubbing carbon disulfide,said column containing packing comprising catalyst pellets that promotethe reaction of carbonyl sulfide to carbon disulfide and carbon dioxide.